Suchergebnisse

Le crime d'agression fait partie des quatre crimes internationaux relavant de la compétence de la CPI. L'article 8 bis du Statut de Rome fournit une définition de ce crime tandis que les articles 15 bis et 15 ter indiquent les conditions de sa répression. A la différence des trois autres crimes internationaux relevant de la compétence de la CPI, le crime d'agression a la particularité d'impliquer l'Etat dans la réalisation de l'acte d'agression, c'est-à-dire le recours à la force armée. Il s'agit donc d'un crime qui se commet en violation de l'interdiction formelle du recours à la force armée tel qu'il ressort de l'article 2§4 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Ainsi, le crime d'agression se situe aux confins de deux branches du droit international public que sont le droit international pénal et le droit international de la sécurité collective. Ce crime est par conséquent, un crime qui se commet par l'intermédiaire de l'Etat mais est imputable aux individus, en l'occurrence les dirigeants étatiques. La nature singulière du crime d'agression rend particulièrement difficile sa répression. L'une des difficultés majeures est liée au rôle prépondérant qui est reconnu au CSNU dans le déclenchent et la suspension des poursuites à l'encontre des auteurs présumés du crime d'agression. Par ailleurs, il y plusieurs lacunes dans les dispositions du Statut de Rome relatives à la répression du crime d'agression qui constituent de véritables obstacles à sa répression. On retiendra qu'en l'état actuel de la définition du crime d'agression, la CPI est quasiment de l'impossibilité d'enclencher des poursuites contre les auteurs présumés de ce crime. ; El crimen de agresión es uno de los cuatro crímenes internacionales bajo la jurisdicción de la CPI. El artículo 8 bis del Estatuto de Roma proporciona una definición del crimen, así como los artículos 15 bis y 15 ter que indican las condiciones de expresión. A diferencia de los otros tres crímenes internacionales de competencia de la CPI, el crimen de agresión tiene la particularidad de involucrar al Estado en la realización del acto de agresión, es decir, el recurso a la fuerza armada. Por lo tanto, es un crimen que se cometió en violación de la forma que prohíbe el uso de la fuerza armada según lo establecido en el Artículo 2 § 4 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. Además, el crimen de agresión se encuentra dentro de los límites de las dos ramas del derecho internacional público, a saber, el derecho penal internacional y el crimen internacional de seguridad colectiva. Este delito es, por tanto, un delito que se cometió a través de estadísticas pero que es imputable a las personas, en caso de pautas éticas. La naturaleza única del crimen de agresión hace que su represión sea particularmente difícil. Una de las mayores dificultades está vinculada al papel rector finalmente reconocido por el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (CSNU) (y a la suspensión de los enjuiciamientos en la reunión de los perpetradores dispuestos del crimen de agresión. Y varias lagunas en las disposiciones del Estatuto de Roma relativas a la represión del crimen de agresión que constituyen los verdaderos obstáculos a la represión. Teniendo en cuenta que en el estado actual de la definición del crimen de agresión, la CPI se encuentra casi en la imposibilidad de iniciar procedimientos contra los presuntos autores de este crimen.

Due to the persistence of socio-politico-economic multifaceted crises and the inefficient of the centralized of the practice development management issues to curb the underlying causes, Burkina Faso like many sub-Saharan African countries were obliged to adopt new political reforms. These reforms which are more opened to the promotion of the democracy and the sharing power between the state and other actors are perceived as adequate ways to improve governance at the local level and as a catalyst to establish the most solid foundation for development. It's in this objective that the process of decentralization was promoted by the governmental authorities. However, these decentralization reforms are imposed by governmental authorities and actors in charge of the implementation of development policies as a way that must allow the more effective implementation of sustainable development. It's the turn of this problem of correlation between the process of decentralization and the sustainable development that have organized the work of our thesis. The methodology of research which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches has allowed collecting important information and data on theoretical and practical aspects of the experiences in six rural communities in the Northwest Region of Burkina Faso. Besides the magazine of the literature, surveys have been conducted in six target municipalities. These surveys concerned resident populations, and producers (men and women), local development associations, the mayors, the agents of the administrations municipalities, agents of the technical department decentralized by the state. ; Face à la persistance des crises multiformes socio-politico-économiques et l'inefficacité des pratiques de gestion centralisée des questions de développement à endiguer leurs causes profondes, le Burkina Faso à l'instar de nombreux pays africains subsahariens fut obligé d'adopter de nouvelles réformes politiques. Ces réformes qui sont plus ouvertes à la promotion de la démocratie et au partage ...

Due to the persistence of socio-politico-economic multifaceted crises and the inefficient of the centralized of the practice development management issues to curb the underlying causes, Burkina Faso like many sub-Saharan African countries were obliged to adopt new political reforms. These reforms which are more opened to the promotion of the democracy and the sharing power between the state and other actors are perceived as adequate ways to improve governance at the local level and as a catalyst to establish the most solid foundation for development. It's in this objective that the process of decentralization was promoted by the governmental authorities. However, these decentralization reforms are imposed by governmental authorities and actors in charge of the implementation of development policies as a way that must allow the more effective implementation of sustainable development. It's the turn of this problem of correlation between the process of decentralization and the sustainable development that have organized the work of our thesis. The methodology of research which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches has allowed collecting important information and data on theoretical and practical aspects of the experiences in six rural communities in the Northwest Region of Burkina Faso. Besides the magazine of the literature, surveys have been conducted in six target municipalities. These surveys concerned resident populations, and producers (men and women), local development associations, the mayors, the agents of the administrations municipalities, agents of the technical department decentralized by the state. ; Face à la persistance des crises multiformes socio-politico-économiques et l'inefficacité des pratiques de gestion centralisée des questions de développement à endiguer leurs causes profondes, le Burkina Faso à l'instar de nombreux pays africains subsahariens fut obligé d'adopter de nouvelles réformes politiques. Ces réformes qui sont plus ouvertes à la promotion de la démocratie et au partage ...

Due to the persistence of socio-politico-economic multifaceted crises and the inefficient of the centralized of the practice development management issues to curb the underlying causes, Burkina Faso like many sub-Saharan African countries were obliged to adopt new political reforms. These reforms which are more opened to the promotion of the democracy and the sharing power between the state and other actors are perceived as adequate ways to improve governance at the local level and as a catalyst to establish the most solid foundation for development. It's in this objective that the process of decentralization was promoted by the governmental authorities. However, these decentralization reforms are imposed by governmental authorities and actors in charge of the implementation of development policies as a way that must allow the more effective implementation of sustainable development. It's the turn of this problem of correlation between the process of decentralization and the sustainable development that have organized the work of our thesis. The methodology of research which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches has allowed collecting important information and data on theoretical and practical aspects of the experiences in six rural communities in the Northwest Region of Burkina Faso. Besides the magazine of the literature, surveys have been conducted in six target municipalities. These surveys concerned resident populations, and producers (men and women), local development associations, the mayors, the agents of the administrations municipalities, agents of the technical department decentralized by the state. ; Face à la persistance des crises multiformes socio-politico-économiques et l'inefficacité des pratiques de gestion centralisée des questions de développement à endiguer leurs causes profondes, le Burkina Faso à l'instar de nombreux pays africains subsahariens fut obligé d'adopter de nouvelles réformes politiques. Ces réformes qui sont plus ouvertes à la promotion de la démocratie et au partage ...

Due to the persistence of socio-politico-economic multifaceted crises and the inefficient of the centralized of the practice development management issues to curb the underlying causes, Burkina Faso like many sub-Saharan African countries were obliged to adopt new political reforms. These reforms which are more opened to the promotion of the democracy and the sharing power between the state and other actors are perceived as adequate ways to improve governance at the local level and as a catalyst to establish the most solid foundation for development. It's in this objective that the process of decentralization was promoted by the governmental authorities. However, these decentralization reforms are imposed by governmental authorities and actors in charge of the implementation of development policies as a way that must allow the more effective implementation of sustainable development. It's the turn of this problem of correlation between the process of decentralization and the sustainable development that have organized the work of our thesis. The methodology of research which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches has allowed collecting important information and data on theoretical and practical aspects of the experiences in six rural communities in the Northwest Region of Burkina Faso. Besides the magazine of the literature, surveys have been conducted in six target municipalities. These surveys concerned resident populations, and producers (men and women), local development associations, the mayors, the agents of the administrations municipalities, agents of the technical department decentralized by the state. ; Face à la persistance des crises multiformes socio-politico-économiques et l'inefficacité des pratiques de gestion centralisée des questions de développement à endiguer leurs causes profondes, le Burkina Faso à l'instar de nombreux pays africains subsahariens fut obligé d'adopter de nouvelles réformes politiques. Ces réformes qui sont plus ouvertes à la promotion de la démocratie et au partage du pouvoir entre l'État et les autres acteurs sont perçues comme des moyens adéquats pour améliorer la gouvernance au niveau local et comme un catalyseur pour asseoir les bases plus solides du développement. C'est dans cet objectif que le processus de décentralisation fut promu par les autorités gouvernementales. Cependant, ces réformes de décentralisation sont perçues par les autorités gouvernementales et les acteurs en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques de développement comme un moyen devant permettre l'implémentation plus efficace du développement durable. C'est au tour de cette problématique de corrélation entre le processus de décentralisation et le développement durable que se sont organisés les travaux de notre thèse. La méthodologie de recherche qui a combiné des approches qualitatives et quantitatives a permis de recueillir d'importantes informations et données sur les aspects théoriques et pratiques des expériences dans six communes rurales dans la Région Nord-Ouest du Burkina Faso. Outre la revue de la littérature, des enquêtes ont été conduites dans ces six communes cibles. Ces enquêtes ont concerné les populations résidentes, les productrices et les producteurs, les associations locales de développement, les maires, les agents des administrations des municipalités, les agents des services techniques déconcentrés de l'Etat.

Due to the persistence of socio-politico-economic multifaceted crises and the inefficient of the centralized of the practice development management issues to curb the underlying causes, Burkina Faso like many sub-Saharan African countries were obliged to adopt new political reforms. These reforms which are more opened to the promotion of the democracy and the sharing power between the state and other actors are perceived as adequate ways to improve governance at the local level and as a catalyst to establish the most solid foundation for development. It's in this objective that the process of decentralization was promoted by the governmental authorities. However, these decentralization reforms are imposed by governmental authorities and actors in charge of the implementation of development policies as a way that must allow the more effective implementation of sustainable development. It's the turn of this problem of correlation between the process of decentralization and the sustainable development that have organized the work of our thesis. The methodology of research which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches has allowed collecting important information and data on theoretical and practical aspects of the experiences in six rural communities in the Northwest Region of Burkina Faso. Besides the magazine of the literature, surveys have been conducted in six target municipalities. These surveys concerned resident populations, and producers (men and women), local development associations, the mayors, the agents of the administrations municipalities, agents of the technical department decentralized by the state. ; Face à la persistance des crises multiformes socio-politico-économiques et l'inefficacité des pratiques de gestion centralisée des questions de développement à endiguer leurs causes profondes, le Burkina Faso à l'instar de nombreux pays africains subsahariens fut obligé d'adopter de nouvelles réformes politiques. Ces réformes qui sont plus ouvertes à la promotion de la démocratie et au partage du pouvoir entre l'État et les autres acteurs sont perçues comme des moyens adéquats pour améliorer la gouvernance au niveau local et comme un catalyseur pour asseoir les bases plus solides du développement. C'est dans cet objectif que le processus de décentralisation fut promu par les autorités gouvernementales. Cependant, ces réformes de décentralisation sont perçues par les autorités gouvernementales et les acteurs en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques de développement comme un moyen devant permettre l'implémentation plus efficace du développement durable. C'est au tour de cette problématique de corrélation entre le processus de décentralisation et le développement durable que se sont organisés les travaux de notre thèse. La méthodologie de recherche qui a combiné des approches qualitatives et quantitatives a permis de recueillir d'importantes informations et données sur les aspects théoriques et pratiques des expériences dans six communes rurales dans la Région Nord-Ouest du Burkina Faso. Outre la revue de la littérature, des enquêtes ont été conduites dans ces six communes cibles. Ces enquêtes ont concerné les populations résidentes, les productrices et les producteurs, les associations locales de développement, les maires, les agents des administrations des municipalités, les agents des services techniques déconcentrés de l'Etat.

En Afrique, le passage des logiques d'action strictement marchandes aux activites directement productives semblent presenter de multiples obstacles. Les auteurs nous presentent ici la trajectoire d'un commercant burkinabe passant a l'industrie: 35 ans pour passer du commerce individuel de velos a la constitution d'un petit groupe industriel cible plutot sur les problemes d'energie, trajectoire d'autant plus interessante dans le contexte socio-politique des dernieres decenies au Burkina. Le point central de l'article est le passage du capital commercial au capital industriel. Meme si l'etude est convaincante, les gains de productivite importants, il n'en reste pas moins que la filiaire est fragile, fragilite due peut-etre au reflexe commercant dans le monde industriel. De plus la concurrence des produits d'Extreme-Orient est importante et d'autant moins controlable que les six frontieres du Burkina sont tres permeables, permettant l'inondation de produits importes sur les marches. La reelle flexibilite que montrent les operateurs permet des percees originales mais la partie ne sera gagnee que grace a de nouvelles orientations politiques. (DÜI-Mfg)

Le passage du commerce à l'industrie ne va pas de soi. A partir d'une monographie d'entrepreneur burkinabè ayant fait le saut, on constate à quel point le contexte social et politique peut favoriser l'investissement productif. Les réflexes «marchands» devant des difficultés de la gestion industrielle, la concurrence de biens du marché mondial et le manque d'agressivité des politiques commerciales rendent ces expériences encore aléatoires.

Introduction: Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African country, where livelihoods are heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, and the humanitarian crisis has increased populations vulnerability to malnutrition. Aim: This article presents an update of the food and nutrition situation. Methodology: Documents from government surveys and reports, peer-reviewed articles and other reliable sources were retrieved and analyzed. Results: According to the 2019 National Nutrition Survey, 25.4% of children under 5 years old are stunted and 8.1% are wasted. These rates exceed the WHO critical thresholds suggesting that child malnutrition is still a public health problem in Burkina although trend analysis suggests continuous improvement over the past ten years. Childhood overweight fluctuates between 1% and 2% while childhood obesity remains below 1% since 2014. Poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are key drivers of child stunting. In fact, 59% of infants are exclusively breastfed while only 17% of 6 – 23-month children receive a minimally acceptable diet. Children and pregnant and lactating women are deeply affected by micronutrient deficiencies including vitamin A and iron. Adult overweight is on the rise and high blood pressure and diabetes levels have reached 18% and 5% respectively in adults aged 25 to 64 years with huge disparities between men and women. Conclusion: While the country had made important progress in reducing child malnutrition, it is still facing double burden of malnutrition namely undernutrition comprised of stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies and overweight/obesity, hence the need to embrace a double duty approach to policy response to simultaneously reduce both undernutrition and overweight/obesity.

Cyber-threats are one of the most significant problems faced by modern Industrial Control Systems (ICS), such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, as the vulnerabilities of ICS technology become serious threats that can ultimately compromise human lives. This situation demands a domain-specific approach to cyber threat detection within ICS, which is one of the most important contributions of the CockpitCI FP7 project (http://CockpitCI.eu). Specifically, this paper will present the CockpitCI distributed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for ICS, which provides its core cyber-detection and analysis capabilities, also including a description of its components, in terms of role, operation, integration, and remote management. Moreover, it will also introduce and describe new domain-specific solutions for ICS security such as the SCADA Honeypot and the Shadow Security Unit, which are part of the CockcpitCI IDS framework.

International audience ; Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides , present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ones, with a prevalence of 5.19 ± 18.97% and 6.11 ± 21.56%, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei infections were detected at a much lower rate (0.00 ± 0.10%). Conclusions The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool for targeting future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative. Graphical Abstract

International audience ; Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides , present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ...

Background: African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods: A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results: Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides, present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ones, with a prevalence of 5.19 ± 18.97% and 6.11 ± 21.56%, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei infections were detected at a much lower rate (0.00 ± 0.10%). Conclusions: The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool for targeting future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative.

International audience ; Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides , present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ones, with a prevalence of 5.19 ± 18.97% and 6.11 ± 21.56%, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei infections were detected at a much lower rate (0.00 ± 0.10%). Conclusions The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool for targeting future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative. Graphical Abstract